what was the soviet plan

The great push for industrialization caused quotas to consistently be looked at and adjusted. This specific law on mobilization allowed the Red Army to increase its army of 1,871,600 men in 1939 to 5,081,000 in the spring of 1941 under secrecy to avoid alarming the rest of the world. [40] The historian Cynthia A. Roberts is even more categorical and claims that Suvorov's writings have "virtually no evidentiary base". There were base and optimum targets. The Soviets initiated rocketry and space exploration programs in the 1930s as part of Stalins agenda for building an advanced, industrial economy. [26] He proclaimed: "A good defense signifies the need to attack. [11] Many of the peasants who were suffering from the famine began to sabotage the fulfillment of their obligations to the state and would, as often as they could, stash away stores of food. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The idea was floated in Russia's lower house of parliament, the State Duma, on Wednesday. "[45] However, he also noted that "it cannot be excluded that Stalin may have been considering a preventive attack in the winter of 1941 or more probably in 1942". After Poland, the USSR had been the hardest hit by the war. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [8] David Glantz and Gabriel Gorodetsky wrote books to rebut Suvorov's arguments. [5], In Denmark, the first nuclear targets were Roskilde and Esbjerg. The United Socialist Soviet Republic, or U.S.S.R., was made up of 15 republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. According to McMeekin, the new studies show that the traditional view of surprise German attack against the Soviet Union can be no longer held. We must now re-teach our army and commanders. U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. : . Farrell, Brian P. "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941". [25] To meet those unrealistic needs, the facilities had to be constructed quickly to facilitate material production before goods could be produced. [16], Among the noted critics of Suvorov's work are the Israeli historian Gabriel Gorodetsky; the American military historian David Glantz;[30] and the Russian military historians Makhmut Gareev, Lev Bezymensky, and Dmitri Volkogonov[31] and Alexei Isayev. [49], The largest success of the first five-year plan, however, was the Soviet Union beginning its journey to become an economic and industrial superpower. [2][3], Maps associated with the released plan show nuclear strikes in many NATO states, but exclude both France and the United Kingdom. [citation needed] In 1945, mining and metallurgy were at 40% of the 1940 levels, electric power was down to 52%, pig-iron 26% and steel 45%; food production was 60% of the 1940 level. [44] This legislation led to many dangerous prisoners being released from prison into labor camps. If war were to break out between the Soviet Union and the West, the Soviets would be fighting against some of the most industrialized nations in the world. [10] The resistance to Stalin's collectivization policies led to the famine in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan as well as areas of the Northern Caucasus. As this new social structure arose, conflicts occurred among some of the majority of the populations. Tools. 136137 (in Russian), Stumbling Colossus:The Red Army on the Eve of World War, D.Glantz, preface p. xii-xiii, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBeevor2012 (, Gorbachev resigned on December 25, 1991, and the Soviet Union ceased to exist six days later on December 31. Cabinet of Ministers met later that morning, and most of the ministers supported the coup. The state began renting tabulating equipment later on. The State Bank had tabulating machines in 14 branches. [50], The work by Suvorov gathered some support among Russian historians, starting in the 1990s. The book is also based on open-source, unclassified literature, and recently declassified materials. The expected assault on the White House did not materialize, however, and it became clear that the coup leaders orders were not being obeyed. Leonid Brezhnev declared the slogan "Plan of quality and efficiency" for this period. Source: International Affairs, Vol. Boris Yeltsin, a key leader of the opposition, later became the first president of the new Russian Federation. Based on this material, Hoffmann argues that the Soviet Union was making final preparations for its own attack when the Wehrmacht struck. The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. [55] The goals for the plans were not set and those that were, were constantly changed. The differences between them were slight, all documents (including operational maps signed by the Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Red Army) are the plans for the invasion with depth offensive 300km. .12(1). The former group considered that the NEP provided sufficient state control of the economy and sufficiently rapid development, while the latter argued in favor of more rapid development and greater state control, taking the view, among other things, that profits should be shared among all people, and not just among a privileged few. After a period of relative economic liberalism Stalin decided that a wholesale restructuring of the economy was needed . During the 1960s and 1970s, the Communist Party elite rapidly gained wealth and power while millions of average Soviet citizens faced starvation. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union in 1955 consolidated power among Eastern bloc countries under a rival alliance called the Warsaw Pact, setting off the Cold War. Initially the Soviet leaders sought to decrease the number of prisoners in the Soviet Union so that those resources could be rerouted to the five-year plan. The patriarch criticized Gorbachevs detention and anathematized those involved in the plot. About 14.5million tonnes of grain were imported by the USSR. Soviet offensive plans controversy 8 languages Read Edit View history Tools Division of Europe in May 1941 The Soviet offensive plans controversy was a debate among historians in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as to whether Joseph Stalin had planned to launch an attack against Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941. Dtente and improving relations between the Soviet Union and the United States allowed for more trade. Yanayev claimed that the country had become ungovernable but hoped that his friend President Gorbachev would eventually return to his post. [59] From 1929 through 1931, 1.4million peasants were deported into cities. [citation needed]. Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. This was the first of four so-called plans, which took place in 1928-32, 1933-37, 1938-42 and 1946-53. They were his chief of staff, Valery Boldin; Oleg Baklanov, first deputy chairman of the U.S.S.R. defense council; Oleg Shenin, secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); and Gen. Valentin Varennikov, chief of the Soviet Armys ground forces. Officially, 98,000 collective farms had been ransacked and ruined, with the loss of 137,000 tractors, 49,000 combine harvesters, 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep; 25% of all capital equipment had been destroyed in 35,000 plants and factories; 6 million buildings, including 40,000 hospitals, in 70,666 villages and 4,710 towns (40% urban housing) were destroyed, leaving 25 million homeless; about 40% of railway tracks had been destroyed; officially 7.5 million servicemen died, plus 6 million civilians, but perhaps 20 million in all died. These resources were also put into equipment that was never used, or not even needed in the first place. Quotas expecting to reach 235.9 percent output and labor to increase by 110 percent were unrealistic in the time frame they allotted for. The rise of Yeltsin and the foundation of post-Soviet Russia, Independence movements and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, https://www.britannica.com/event/the-collapse-of-the-Soviet-Union, History Ireland - The collapse of the Soviet Union, Center for European Studies - The Fall of the Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 192291. [14], Unlike other planning periods, 1959 saw the announcement of a seven-year plan (Russian: , semiletka), approved by the 21st Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1959. The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? United States war plans (1945-1950) - Wikipedia These five-year plans outlined programs for huge increases in the output of industrial goods. The Communists believed that consolidating individually owned farms into a series of large state-run collective farms would increase agricultural productivity. This was merged into a seventh five-year plan in 1961, which was launched with the slogan "catch up and overtake the USA by 1970." At home, however, Khrushchev initiated a series of political reforms that made Soviet society less repressive. During this period, later known as de-Stalinization, Khrushchev criticized Stalin for arresting and deporting opponents, took steps to raise living conditions, freed many political prisoners, loosened artistic censorship, and closed the Gulag labor camps. Deployed Soviet troops were gradually withdrawn from the former satellites, now politically independent countries. Absolute War. The USA and USSR were unable to agree on the terms of a US loan to aid reconstruction, and this was a contributing factor in the rapid escalation of the Cold War. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union&oldid=1164517138, This page was last edited on 9 July 2023, at 15:57. The NEP had been Lenin's response to a crisis. Although the peasants had been allowed to work the land they held, the production surplus was bought by the state (on the state's terms), and the peasants cut production; whereupon food was requisitioned. During the eleventh five-year plan, the country imported some 42million tons of grain annually, almost twice as much as during the tenth five-year plan and three times as much as during the ninth five-year plan (19711975). Guns or butter problems of the Cold War. [25] The Soviet Union's achievements were tremendous during the first five-year plan, which yielded a fifty-percent increase in industrial output. Thus, according to supporters of this theory, the Red Army had to enter a war by 1 September 1941 or the drafted soldiers would have to be released from service. Suvorov claims Soviet units were issued with maps of Germany and German-occupied territory, and phrasebooks including questions about SA officesSA offices were found only in German territory proper. . The Soviet Union ceased to exist on December 31, 1991. The plan's focus was primarily on increasing the number of consumer goods in the economy so as to improve Soviet standards of living. Notably, after the German attack, the officer responsible for maps, Lieutenant General M. K. Kudryavtsev, was not punished by Stalin, who was known for extreme punishments after failures to obey his orders. [2][3][9][5], The French Force de dissuasion employed a nuclear strategy known as dissuasion du faible au fort (weak-to-strong deterrence); this is considered a "counter-value" strategy, which implies that a nuclear attack on France would be responded to by a strike on Soviet-bloc cities. [5] Czechoslovakia thought it to be too optimistic at the time, and some present-day Western planners believe that such a goal was unrealistic or even unattainable. [56] Unions were being shut down which meant workers were no longer allowed to strike and were not protected from being fired or dismissed from work for reasons such as being late or just missing a day. This series of five-year plans in Indonesia was termed REPELITA (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun); plans I to VI ran from 1969 to 1998. [1], The Soviet Union entered a series of five-year plans which began in 1928 under the rule of Joseph Stalin. The initial five-year plans aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the Soviet Union and thus placed a major focus on heavy industry. In the 1980s, the United States under President Ronald Reagan isolated the Soviet economy from the rest of the world and helped drive oil prices to their lowest levels in decades. The Soviet state planning committee Gosplan developed these plans based on the theory of the productive forces that formed part of the ideology of the Communist Party for development of the Soviet economy. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times Soviet Russia in the 1930s. [11], There are many high-value targets in Britain (like RAF Fylingdales, RAF Mildenhall, and RAF Lakenheath) that would then have to be struck in a conventional manner in this plan, though a nuclear strike would be far more effective (and, as the plans show, a preferable option for the Soviet leadership as shown by their strikes in Western Europe). Other Russian historians, Iu. Members of his own political party removed Khrushchev from office in 1964. Gorbachevs glasnost plan called for political openness. The city would become the largest steel producer in Russia and was meant to rival production that was being seen in the U.S. at the same time. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [25] The Soviets enacted a land decree in 1917 that eliminated private ownership of land. chairs, carpets, and irons), agriculture, transportation, communications, health, education, and welfare. Between 1929 and 1936 the Soviet Union shifted from producing solely silent films to solely sound films. They soon issued Resolution No. The plan also indicates that USAF fighter-bombers, primarily the long-ranged F-111 Aardvark, would be employed in nuclear strikes, and that they would launch from those British bases. [59] A large portion of the Soviet Union's urbanization was due to the deportation of peasants from villages. [2][3], The Guardian, however, speculates that "France would have escaped attack, possibly because it is not a member of NATO's integrated structure. Soviet Union rejects Marshall Plan assistance | HISTORY This led to devastating food shortages. The Bolsheviks established a socialist state in the territory that was once the Russian Empire. 3-4, 2001, p. 237. The Historiographical Controversy Surrounding the Origins of the Nazi-Soviet War", https://militaryhistorynow.com/2021/05/09/stalins-gambit-did-the-soviets-plan-for-a-1941-offensive-war-against-nazi-germany/, "Stalin by przekonany, e Hitler nie powtrzy bdu Napoleona". [60] From 1929 through 1931, 3.5million Kulaks were dispossessed by the Soviet Union and left with no choice but relocation to cities. It depicted the Soviet Bloc's vision of a seven-day nuclear war between NATO and Warsaw Pact forces.[1][2][3]. Suvorov's critics say that the Soviet paratroopers were not well trained or armed. Updated: March 20, 2023 | Original: September 1, 2017. George H.W. Teddy J. Uldricks. While there was a great success, there were also many problems with not just the plan itself, but how quickly it was completed. Most other communist states, including the People's Republic of China, adopted a similar method of planning. The materials show that no battles were played out on the Soviet soil. Following the surrender of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, the uncomfortable wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the United States and Great Britain began to crumble. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). What Were Stalin's Five Year Plans? | History Hit Other communist states, including the People's Republic of China, and to a lesser extent, the Republic of Indonesia, implemented a process of using five-year plans as focal points for economic and societal development. The first ran from the autumn of 1928 to 1933; at that time the accounting year began in October with the end of the harvest. [41][42] Farmers of Kazakhstan rejected collectivization, and protested, while Stalin raised quotas, meaning peasants would not be able to eat and would psychologically break them. Danilov and Heinz Magenheimer examined this plan and other documents in the early 1990s, which might indicate Soviet preparations for an attack. Programs not necessary to heavy industry were cut from the Soviet budget; and because of the redistribution of industrial funding, basic goods, such as food, became scarce. Suvorov provides an extensive analysis of Stalin's preparations for war. Authors supporting the Stalin 1941 assault thesis are Valeri Danilov,[51] V.A. Stalin eliminated all likely opposition to his leadership by terrorizing Communist Party officials and the public through his secret police. [1], Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941. A major event during the first Five Year Plan was the famine of 193233. [23] IBM also did a good deal of business with the Soviet State in the 1930s, including supplying punch cards to the Stalin Automobile Plant. An unsuccessful coup by Communist Party hard-liners in August 1991 sealed the Soviet Unions fate by diminishing Gorbachevs power and propelling democratic forces, led by Boris Yeltsin, to the forefront of Russian politics. With the help of the open archives of the former Warsaw Pact. Other users included the Central Statistical Bureau, the Soviet Commissariat of Finance, Soviet Commissariat of Inspection, Soviet Commissariat of Foreign Trade, the Grain Trust, Soviet Railways, Russian Ford, Russian Buick, the Karkov tractor factory, and the Tula Armament Works. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Peter Turnley/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images, The Russian Revolution and the Birth of the Soviet Union, U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian, https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/history-of-the-soviet-union. Taylor and Francis Publishers. The Soviet Five-Year Plan: CQR - CQ Researcher by CQ Press Their unexpected arrival aroused Gorbachevs suspicions, and, when he tried to use the phone, it was dead. The discussion resulted in dozens of serious studies at least partially supporting Suvorov's thesis, which were usually better documented than Suvorov's. This was highly successful. 39 years ago, a KGB defector chillingly predicted modern America (International Humanitarian Law). [2][4][3], A Soviet nuclear counter-strike would be launched against West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and North-East Italy. Newspapers could criticize the government, and parties other than the Communist Party could participate in elections. [9], The first five-year plan was not just about economics. [1], According to professor Alexander Hill, it is currently believed that whereas the war against "capitalist powers" was seen as potentially inevitable by Soviet leadership, the Soviet Union was making some preparations for war, and the Soviet pursuit for a collective security system in Europe ("Litvinov's line") was sincere in the late 1930s, the event that triggered active Soviet war preparations was the rapid collapse of the Anglo-French alliance in 1940.[10]. In a period known as the Red Terror, Bolshevik secret policeknown as Chekacarried out a campaign of mass executions against supporters of the czarist regime and against Russias upper classes. A 1922 treaty between Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Transcaucasia (modern Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 7. [9] However, there is some speculation regarding the legitimacy of these numbers as the nature of Soviet statistics is notoriously misleading or exaggerated[citation needed]. The forces mobilized in the Soviet Union were not positioned for defensive, but for offensive aims". collapse of the Soviet Union, sequence of events that led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 31, 1991. [47], Although many of the goals set by the plan were not fully met, there were several economic sectors that still saw large increases in their output. [43], David M. Glantz disputes the argument that the Red Army was deployed in an offensive stance in 1941 and states that the Red Army was in a state of only partial mobilization in July 1941 from which neither effective defensive or offensive actions could be offered without considerable delay. He described the process as "a great. [39] These famines were among the worst in history and created scars which would mark the Soviet Union for many years to come and incense a deep hatred of Russians by Ukrainians, Tatars, and many other ethnic groups. [3] Suvorov's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians, including Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov, and Vladimir Nevezhin and attracted public attention in Germany, Israel, and Russia. [49], In a 1987 article in the Historische Zeitschrift journal, the German historian Klaus Hildebrand argued that both Hitler and Stalin had separately planned to attack each other in 1941. The Stalingrad Tractor Plant was built with the help of western allies and was meant to play a major factor in the rapid industrialization of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. If there was Danish resistance after the two initial strikes, other targets would be bombed. At 5:00 pm Yanayev and the other coup leaders held a press conference. Georgian-born revolutionary Joseph Stalin rose to power upon Lenins death in 1924. Ultimately the plan was a failure, and the USSR was dissolved. Yes, defense with attack. Suvorov offers as another piece of evidence the extensive effort Stalin took to conceal general mobilization by manipulating the laws setting the conscription age. Agricultural production was so disrupted that famine broke out in several districts. N. Lyashchenko, 'O vystuplenii I. V. Stalina v Kremle, 5 maya 1941', Volkogonov Papers, reel no.8, p.1. Pearson Longman, 2008. Operation Barbarossa | History, Summary, Combatants, Casualties The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: , Pyatiletniye plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in the late 1920s. That night fighting broke out between troops and demonstrators near the White House, and three protesters were killed. Need for urban dwellers to be fed, the FYP increased collectivization, leading to its recognition be largely associated with Stalin. Such a strike was estimated to cause 2 million immediate Polish deaths near the, This page was last edited on 17 June 2023, at 18:54. They were each allowed a small plot of land for their own use, this led to a recovery in agricultural production as the peasants produced fruit, vegatables, meat and milk on their own plots. However, the government planners failed to take notice of local situations. We strive for accuracy and fairness. For other topics, see, Collective farming and peasants' resistance. Bread lines were common throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Gor'kov, A.S. Orlov, Iu. The plan was implemented in 1928 and took effect until 1932. [26], "Pyatiletka" redirects here. The middle and lower class supported collectivization, because it took private land from individual kulaks, and distributed it among the serednyak and bednyak's villages. The first five-year plan, accepted in 1928 for the period from 1929 to 1933, finished one year early. The last five-year plan, for the period from 1991 to 1995, was not completed, since the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. Without the initial five-year plan, and the ones that followed, the Soviet Union would not have been prepared for the German invasion in 1941. Moscow mulls plan to display destroyed Western hardware outside - RT [59], The Five Year Plan saw the expedited transformation of Soviet social relations, nature, and economy. [16], One of Suvorov's arguments was that certain types of weapons were mostly suited for offensive warfare and that the Red Army had large numbers of such weapons. Due to the rapid industrialization of the plan, as well as the strategic construction of arms manufacturers in areas less vulnerable to future warfare,[54] the Soviet Union was partially able to build the weapons it needed to defeat the Germans in 1945. Stalin launched what would later be referred to as a "revolution from above" to improve the Soviet Union's domestic policy. [55] Aside from the three to four million people dying because of starvation or even freezing to death because of waiting in line for rations, people were not wanting or unable to have children which assisted in the decrease of the population. [2][4][3] The plan expected that as many as two million Polish civilians would die in such a war and Polish operational strength would be completely destroyed. By 1928, with the rapid industrialization, and mass urbanization that followed, consumption was to increase rapidly as well. Koch, H.W. The decades-long confrontation between eastern and . However, total Soviet export to the West was always almost as high as the import: for example, in 1984 total export to the West was 21.3 billion rubles, while total import was 19.6 billion rubles. Learn more about Operation Barbarossa in this article. [9] The posters and flyers used to promote and advertise the plan were also reminiscent of wartime propaganda. "Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa". Agricultural collectivization, within Russia, had its origins under Lenin during the New Economic Policy. It addressed personal restrictions of the Soviet people. Both Gorbachev and his wife, Raisa, later stated that they had fully expected to be killed. The money came back into use, with new banknotes being issued and backed by gold. Approximately 86% of all industrial investments during this time went directly to heavy industry. "[2][4][3] Sikorski stated that documents associated with the former regime would be declassified and published through the Institute of National Remembrance in the coming year. Other historians who support that thesis are Vladimir Nevezhin, Boris Sokolov, Valeri Danilov and Joachim Hoffmann. Those that owned land or livestock were stripped of their holdings. [54] Although the USSR attacked Finland, no documents have been found to date which would indicate 26 November 1939 as the assumed date for the beginning of provocations or 30 November as the date of the planned Soviet assault. The third five-year plan ran for only 3 years, up to June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The production goals were increased by a reported 50% during the initial deliberation of industrial targets. CIA Library.Revelations from the Russian Archives. ., 1997; On June 21, armies expanded in the Southern Theatre of Military Operations, and were divided into two Fronts: South-Western and Southern. This dissatisfaction arose from the famine of the early 1920s, as well as from increasing mistreatment of the peasants. The central aspect of the first Soviet five-year plan was the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union from October 1928 to December 1932, which was thought to be the most crucial time for Russian industrialization. In the Soviet Union the first Five-Year Plan (1928-32), implemented by Joseph Stalin, concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of . Radical leftist revolutionaries overthrew Russias Czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of Romanov rule. Kshyk also notes the problems because of the still-limited access to Soviet archives and the emotional nature of debate from national pride and the participants' political and personal motivations. [27] To achieve this massive economic growth, the Soviet Union had to reroute essential resources to meet the needs of heavy industry. Another issue was that quality was sacrificed in order to achieve quantity, and production results generated wildly varied items. (Something about magic tanks / lie of Victor Suvorov) Moscow: , , 2007, pp. Seven Days to the River Rhine ( Russian: , Sem' dney do reki Reyn) was a top-secret military simulation exercise developed in 1979 by the Warsaw Pact. At least 23million Soviet peasants moved into cities, with Moscow's population rising by nearly 60 percent. The rapid industrialization would inhibit fears of being left unprotected if War between the Soviets and the West were to occur. All Rights Reserved. [13][14][15] Such a change caused unrest within a community that had already existed prior to this external adjustment, and between 1928 and 1932, Turkmen nomads and peasants made it clear through methods like passive resistance that they did not agree with such policies, the Kirgiziya area also knew guerrilla opposition.[13][14][15].
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